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Article History

Received: 24 March 2026

Accepted: 17 July 2026

First Online: 21 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The ethical standards for conducting research with human participants were strictly followed in accordance with the American Psychological Association (2020). Participation in the study was entirely voluntary, and participants were informed that they could withdraw at any time without any consequences. To ensure confidentiality and anonymity, no personally identifiable information was collected, and all data were stored in a coded format accessible only to the primary researcher. Prior to administering the online survey, institutional consent was secured from the administrators and teachers of the students. An institutional review board or ethics committee authorized this process; the protocol was approved by NUM's Scientific Committee (Institutional Review Board) of the National University of Management, which was based on institutional ethical principles. Prior to data collection, informed consent, both verbal and digital, was obtained from all participants. Only individuals who agreed to participate were provided access to the questionnaire, ensuring voluntariness.

Consent for publication: Participants were informed about the purpose of the study and were clearly notified that submission of the questionnaire would indicate their consent to use the data for research and publication purposes. All relevant information regarding the study’s purpose and data usage was included on the cover page of the questionnaire.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.