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Article History

Received: 11 April 2026

Accepted: 20 July 2026

First Online: 26 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was conducted in accordance with local laws and institutional regulations, and was approved by the Research Ethical Review Board for Social Science and Humanities at Arba Minch University with reference number PGM/41/17 on August 21, 2025. Before starting data collection, official letters were obtained from relevant authorities to contact participants in the study area. Participants were informed that participation was voluntary and that the results would be used for educational purposes and publication. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants in the study.

Consent for publication: Informed consent for publication of anonymized data and study findings was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

AI assistance disclosure: During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used EditMyEnglish to assist with editing grammar, correcting punctuation, and refining the structural organization of ideas. The tool was strictly utilized to enhance the clarity, readability, and overall mechanics of the original text without altering the core arguments or generating new content. The author(s) reviewed, revised, and approved all suggestions provided by the software and accept full responsibility for the final content of the publication.