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Article History

Received: 24 January 2026

Accepted: 20 July 2026

First Online: 30 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval and administrative permission were obtained from the respective school authorities (SMKSK. 600-3/2/21 (1)). The research protocol was approved by the Selangor State Education Department (JPNS.SPD 600-1/1/2 JLD.61 (21)) and conducted in accordance with the guidelines and regulations of the Malaysian Ministry of Education (KPM.600-3/2/3-eras(25823)). No additional ethical approval from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) was required, as full ethical clearance had already been granted by the relevant government authorities. Informed consent was obtained from all participants and their parents or legal guardians prior to data collection. Participants and guardians were fully informed about the purpose of the study, research procedures, potential risks and benefits, and their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.