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Article History

Received: 27 January 2026

Accepted: 31 July 2026

First Online: 13 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the SEEDS GRANTS Committee at the German Jordanian University (GJU), which serves as the institutional ethics committee (Institutional Review Board – IRB) responsible for overseeing research involving human participants. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution and with established principles for research involving human subjects. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the study. Participants were informed about the purpose of the research, the procedures involved, the voluntary nature of participation, and their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Confidentiality and anonymity were assured throughout the study. For participants under the age of 16 years, informed consent was obtained from parents or legally authorized representatives in accordance with applicable ethical guidelines.

Human and animal rights: This study involved human participants only and did not involve animals. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were conducted in accordance with institutional ethical standards and applicable research guidelines.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.