Document is current

Article History

Received: 2 February 2026

Accepted: 21 August 2026

First Online: 27 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The research protocol was approved in August 2025 by the Research Ethics Committee/Institutional Review Board of Universitas Negeri Malang (Malang, Indonesia) under approval letter number 14.8.5/UN32.13.1/LT/2025, in accordance with applicable institutional, national, and international ethical guidelines and regulations for research involving human participants. Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of all participating students, and student assent was obtained prior to participation. Participation was voluntary, and the confidentiality and anonymity of all participants were strictly maintained throughout data collection, analysis, and reporting.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Informed consent: Informed consent Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. All gathered data was anonymous, and participants were informed about all the proper details about the study and their role in it, including that they can withdraw at any point. Attaining formal and written informed consent was not regarded as necessary as voluntary completion of the questionnaires was regarded as providing consent, and no medical information was gathered.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.