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Article History

Received: 17 January 2025

Revised: 27 May 2025

Accepted: 28 May 2025

First Online: 21 June 2025

Declarations

:

: Author Xiaohui Tao is a member of the Editorial Board of the journal Human-Centric Intelligent Systems. The paper was handled by another Editor and has undergone a rigorous peer review process. Author Xiaohui Tao was not involved in the journal’s peer review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript. Author Lin Li is one of the Executive Editors of the Journal Human-Centric Intelligent Systems. The paper was handled by another Editor and has undergone a rigorous peer review process. Author Lin Li was not involved in the journal’s peer review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript. Author Haoran Xie is a member of the Editorial Board of the journal Human-Centric Intelligent Systems. The paper was handled by another Editor and has undergone a rigorous peer review process. Author Haoran Xie was not involved in the journal’s peer review of, or decisions related to, this manuscript.

: Not applicable. This study does not involve human participants or animal studies requiring ethical approval.

: All authors have provided their consent for the publication of this manuscript.

: Not applicable. This study does not rely on specialized materials requiring conflict of interest.

: Not applicable.