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Article History

Received: 7 April 2025

Revised: 19 August 2025

Accepted: 2 September 2025

First Online: 8 September 2025

Declarations

:

: We (authors) hereby declare that there are no competing interests, either financial or non-financial, directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication. We also declare that no funding was received for the completion of this work.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (e.g., individual details, images, or videos).

: This study utilized publicly available datasets (WDBC and Coimbra datasets) containing anonymized human data for breast cancer classification. As no primary data collection involving human participants, human tissue, or animals was conducted, ethics approval and consent to participate were not required. The use of these datasets complies with the ethical guidelines outlined by their respective sources. No studies involving plants were conducted in this research.