Zhang, Zhenxiao
Liu, Yafei
Wang, Zhengdong
Meng, Xiangyin
Zhang, Xiaoguo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9961-6443
Funding for this research was provided by:
Research and Integrated Application of Key Technologies for Construction Maintenance Robots in Complex Scenes (2023-ZJSGJKJ-02)
Article History
Received: 11 November 2025
Revised: 5 December 2025
Accepted: 8 December 2025
First Online: 13 December 2025
Declarations
:
: There is no conflict of interest involved in this research.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable. This study does not involve human participants or animal studies requiring ethical approval.