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Authors
Liu, Shunlin
Chen, Ruoyu
Xu, Chengcheng
Shen, Yongjun
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Science and Technology Innovation Project of Hebei Expressway Group Co., Ltd. of China (Grant No. 2024-ZX-YH-15)
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Article History
Received: 4 November 2025
Revised: 23 December 2025
Accepted: 2 January 2026
First Online: 9 January 2026
Declarations
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: The corresponding author declares that he is an editorial board member of the journal. The authors hereby declare that there are no competing interests, either financial or non-financial, directly or indirectly related to the work submitted for publication.
