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Article History

Received: 5 December 2025

Accepted: 22 May 2026

First Online: 11 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable. This manuscript is a review article that compiles and analyses existing published literature on machine learning-based optimisation of porous propeller aerodynamics for UAV systems. It does not involve any primary research activities, experimental studies with human participants, clinical trials, or research involving live vertebrates. Therefore, no ethical approval from an institutional review board, ethics committee, or animal care committee was required for the preparation of this work.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any data, images, videos, personal details, or other identifying information derived from individual participants. All findings, analyses, and discussions presented are based on previously published, publicly available scholarly literature. Accordingly, no consent to publish from participants is required. All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of this manuscript and consent to its submission for publication.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.