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Article History

Received: 23 July 2025

Accepted: 3 October 2025

First Online: 20 October 2025

Declarations

:

: A DWH itself does not need ethical approval, and only its use cases could require one. For the use cases of PaDaWaN on manufacturing and on historical economy data, no personal data was involved, and therefore no ethical approval was required. The academic use case was done in collaboration with the administration of the university. This organisational body is legally obliged to create the reports that PaDaWaN has been used to on the data it already has about its students, and therefore this use case did not require ethical approval either. In both medical use cases, only retrospective, pseudonymised patient data was used, and a de-pseudonymisation of the data was not possible for the authors of this study. Because of this, these use cases did not require ethical approval as well. In the use case on the data of a single university hospital, individual data could also be requested directly by medical professionals. For this, they first need to receive a clearance from both the data protection office and the ethics committee of the hospital. But because this work only covers the kind of requests and not the concrete data given to the medical professionals in such cases, this does not require ethical approval either. For the same reasons, no consent to participate has been required for this work.

: For the same reasons as described above in the "Ethical approval" section, no consent to publish has been required for this work.

: This work was supported by the BAKI junior research group (13FG0007B) funded by the BAuA (Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) and the BMAS (Federal Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs).

: The authors declare no Conflict of interest.