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Authors
Rafi, Amir-ud-Din
Syeda Zobia, Noreen
Sameen, Zafar
Muhammad, Khan
Rao Muhammad, Atif
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Higher Education Commission, Pakistan (GCF-860)
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Article History
Received: 2 January 2025
Accepted: 30 April 2025
First Online: 13 September 2025
Declarations
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: This study utilized data from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) provided by IPUMS-MICS. The MICS program has established comprehensive protocols for obtaining ethics approval, and no additional ethics approval was required for this research.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
