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Article History

Received: 22 March 2025

Accepted: 23 June 2025

First Online: 19 September 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards set out in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments, or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Department of Economics, University of Rwanda.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: Ethical Approval This study did not involve human participants, animals, or clinical interventions requiring ethical approval. Consent to Participate Not applicable, as the study used secondary data and did not involve human subjects. Consent to Publish Not applicable, as no identifiable personal data or individual-level information was used in the study.