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Article History

Received: 10 May 2025

Accepted: 22 October 2025

First Online: 26 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The study did not involve human participants, clinical trials, or the collection of personally identifiable information. Therefore, formal ethical approval was not required. The research was limited to the use of publicly available spatial datasets, municipal records, and field observations of physical infrastructure. Not applicable. No human subjects were directly involved in this study.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not include a person’s data in any form (including images, videos, or identifiable information).

: The authors declare no competing interests.