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Article History

Received: 11 July 2025

Accepted: 14 November 2025

First Online: 21 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study is a secondary analysis of the publicly available, anonymized dataset from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI), Wave 1. The original LASI study protocol was approved by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Delhi, and the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, and all participants provided signed informed consent before data collection. This LASI analysis was approved with exemption from full review by the Institutional Ethics Committee, Indian Institute of Public Health – Delhi. Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.