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Higher educational attainment may reduce the risk of delirium by delaying the initiation and reducing the intensity of smoking: a Mendelian randomization study

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44254-025-00133-2

Published Online: 2025-10-17

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Cao, Si

Zeng, Youjie

Chen, Minghua

Ouyang, Wen

Ding, Zhendong https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5178-8983
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

National Natural Science Foundation of China (81971028)
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-10-17

Version of Record valid from 2025-10-17
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Article History

Received: 23 April 2025

Revised: 10 September 2025

Accepted: 11 September 2025

First Online: 17 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study utilized publicly available anonymized data from participant studies that had received approval from their corresponding ethics committees. As such, no further ethical approval or consent to participate was necessary.

: Not applicable.

: No conflicts of interest to declare.

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