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Article History

Received: 17 May 2025

Revised: 7 November 2025

Accepted: 10 November 2025

First Online: 12 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The datasets were generated from the MIMIC-IV database and the eICU-CRD.MIMIC-IV is a product of a collaboration between BIDMC and MIT. Patient data collected during routine clinical care at BIDMC were de-identified and transformed before being made available to researchers who have completed required training in human subjects research and signed a Data Use Agreement. The Institutional Review Board of BIDMC waived the requirement for informed consent and approved the creation and sharing of this research resource.eICU-CRD was developed through a partnership between the Laboratory for Computational Physiology (LCP) at MIT and the eICU Research Institute (eRI). It is a publicly available database sourced from a nationwide telemedicine program. All data tables were de-identified in accordance with the Safe Harbor provision of the US Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). The database schema was established in collaboration with Privacert (Cambridge, MA), which certified that the re-identification risk for the dataset meets the Safe Harbor standards (HIPAA Certification No. 1031219–2).The authors of this study have successfully completed the requisite training in human subjects protection (Certificate No. 53509000) and have signed the official Data Use Agreements for both databases. Therefore, there is no need for ethics approval or consent to participate in this study.

: All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript, ensuring its quality and accuracy.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.