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Article History

Received: 16 January 2026

Revised: 10 April 2026

Accepted: 28 April 2026

First Online: 19 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The experimental protocol was initially approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (Approval No. 20220310030). Subsequent dose-finding and randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of West China Hospital, Sichuan University on February 24, 2023, Chengdu, China) (Approval No. 2023-64).Although the dose-finding study (ChiCTR2300069163, Part I; registered on March 8, 2023) initially described the target population broadly as “patients undergoing upper abdominal surgery,” enrollment was restricted—prior to recruitment of the first participant and in accordance with a recommendation from the Ethics Committee—to patients undergoing gastrectomy only, to ensure clinical appropriateness, participant safety, and methodological rigor. Registry updates were submitted on October 21, 2024, and January 29, 2026. The revision included details on IPD sharing and data availability, with no protocol amendments in either update.The randomized controlled trial (RCT) was separately registered as ChiCTR2300073827 on July 21, 2023. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment.

: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.