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Authors
Liu, Jin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2026-2513
Ma, Daqing https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1235-0537
Lambert, David G. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4769-8090
Wang, Yufei
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Article History
Received: 14 July 2026
Revised: 27 July 2026
Accepted: 6 August 2026
First Online: 25 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable.
Competing interests: JL and DM are Editors-in-Chief of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Science. DGL is a member of the Advisory Board of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Science. YW is the General Secretary of the Tianfu Society of Anesthesiology, which owns Anesthesiology and Perioperative Science. The authors declare no other competing interests.
