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Article History

Received: 5 May 2025

Accepted: 9 October 2025

First Online: 8 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in full compliance with established ethical standards for research [ ] involving human participants. Prior to data collection, the research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Department of Computer Science, Nigerian Army University, Biu, Borno State Nigeria under reference number NAUB/CS/ETHICS/2025/032. The committee assessed the study’s design, data handling methods, and participant protection measures before granting ethical clearance. All procedures involving human participants were carried out in accordance with the ethical guidelines outlined in [ ] and its subsequent amendments, as well as relevant national and institutional research regulations.

: Informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to their involvement in the research. Participants were provided with clear, accessible information regarding the study’s objectives, procedures, potential risks, and their right to withdraw at any stage without consequence. Participation in both the quantitative survey and qualitative interviews was entirely voluntary. Respondents were assured that their identities would remain confidential and that any data collected would be used solely for research purposes. To further safeguard privacy, all personal identifiers were removed during data analysis, and direct quotes from interviews were anonymized or paraphrased. Digital data were stored on encrypted drives and secured in accordance with institutional data protection protocols.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.