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Article History

Received: 26 September 2025

Accepted: 8 May 2026

First Online: 11 June 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the [Institutional Research Review Ethical Committee of the University of Dodoma, Tanzania]. The research protocol was approved in accordance with the ethical guidelines and regulations governing research involving human subjects, including those outlined by [Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH)]. All procedures performed in this study were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the aforementioned ethics committee and with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The committee approval number is MA.84/261/85/30. All participants were provided with detailed information regarding the study’s objectives, procedures, and the intended use of the data. Written informed consent was obtained from every participant prior to data collection. Participation was voluntary, and participants were free to withdraw at any stage without consequences.

: Participants were assured that all data would remain confidential and anonymous. As such, consent to publish anonymized data and findings derived from the study was obtained. No identifiable information is included in this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.