Xue, Duoduo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6608-5700
Dai, Wenrui https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2522-5778
Zheng, Ziyang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9923-8016
Zou, Junni https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9694-9880
Xiong, Hongkai https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4552-0029
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (62431017, 62125109)
Article History
Received: 9 May 2025
Revised: 23 September 2025
Accepted: 24 September 2025
First Online: 22 October 2025
Declarations
:
: Hongkai Xiong is an Associate Editor at Visual Intelligence and was not involved in the editorial review of this article or the decision to publish it. The authors declare that they have no other competing interests.