Zhu, Shengkun https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6784-4919
Guo, Chengcheng https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2122-7001
Lu, Yuanji https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5977-4680
Shen, Zhehao https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8933-0385
Wu, Yize https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0131-114X
Hong, Yu https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1831-7652
Cai, Yiwen https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4985-6443
Zheng, Meihan https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0077-5795
Zhang, Yingliang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0594-7549
Xu, Lan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8807-7787
Yu, Jingyi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9198-6853
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (W2431046)
Key Technologies Research and Development Program of Anhui Province (2025YFA1309603)
Central Guided Local Science and Technology Foundation of China (YDZX20253100001001)
Article History
Received: 3 September 2025
Revised: 12 February 2026
Accepted: 16 February 2026
First Online: 17 March 2026
Declarations
:
: Jingyi Yu is an Associate Editor-in-Chief at Visual Intelligence and was not involved in the editorial review of this article or the decision to publish it. The authors declare that they have no other competing interests.