Shen, Siyuan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2922-1718
Wang, Ziheng https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3824-0829
Peng, Xingyue https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2198-8279
Li, Ruiqian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1992-1726
Sun, Qilin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1906-9548
Li, Shiying https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4222-0648
Yu, Jingyi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8580-0036
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (W2431046 and 61977047)
National Key R&D Program of China (2025YFA1309603)
Central Guided Local Science and Technology Foundation of China (YDZX20253100001001)
Article History
Received: 30 March 2026
Revised: 8 July 2026
Accepted: 9 July 2026
First Online: 18 August 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: Jingyi Yu is an Associate Editor-in-Chief at Visual Intelligence and was not involved in the editorial review of this article or the decision to publish it. The authors declare that they have no other competing interests.