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Article History

Received: 24 October 2024

Accepted: 17 February 2025

First Online: 24 February 2025

Declarations

:

: No human participant, human tissue nor biological material was used for the research. Data from the concentration of the heavy metals in the spent drilling mud, Table  and the retrospective parameters of Table , were used in computing the human health risk assessment for both children and adults, using the appropriate equations. Our study did not need ethical approval.

: Not applicable. No human participant was used in the study.

: All authors certify that they have no affiliation with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.