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Article History

Received: 11 February 2025

Accepted: 9 June 2025

First Online: 18 September 2025

Change Date: 20 December 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The original online version of this article was revised to include the full equation under section ‘2.5 Laboratory analysis, which had been cut off in the article PDF.

Declarations

:

: The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in Ghana. The protocol was approved by the University of Cape Coast Institutional Review Board in accordance with the Ghana Standard GS 175–1:2008 and Ghana National Irrigation Policy, Strategies and Regulatory Measures.

: Before data collection, informed consent was obtained from all individuals involved in the study. Participants who were engaged in wastewater and soil sample collection were assured of their right to withdraw from the study at any point without any repercussions. Confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained, with all collected data securely stored and used solely for research purposes.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.