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Article History

Received: 21 February 2025

Accepted: 18 June 2025

First Online: 4 July 2025

Declarations

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: It is hereby declared that all research ethics were followed in the course of the study. No human samples were involved, and consent of respondents was obtained before taking necessary measurements about air quality/level of pollution as well as before questionnaire administration, as they were also guaranteed of absolute confidentiality of the information released and the fact that such information was for the purpose of research only. The approved Guidelines and Policy for PhD research of the Board of Postgraduate School, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria, and laid down rules and procedures of the Postgraduate Committee of the Faculty of Environmental Sciences of the same institution were duly followed. The two bodies were responsible for maintaining postgraduate research ethics in the university. This paper is a product of the PhD thesis, written by of one of the authors and supervised by two of the other authors. More so, the concerned participants/respondents in the household surveys gave their written consent before the data collection proper.

: Not Applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.