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Article History

Received: 29 May 2025

Accepted: 6 October 2025

First Online: 4 November 2025

Change Date: 21 December 2025

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The original online version of this article was revised tomove Table 9 into the “Results” section of the PDF.

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was sought and granted by the Malawi University of Science and Technology Research Ethics Committee (MUSTREC). This study did not involve human participants, personal data, or identifiable biological material; accordingly, informed consent to participate was not required. The Malawi University of Science and Technology Research Ethics Committee (MUSTREC) granted a waiver of consent.

: All authors consent to the submission and publication of this work in Discover Environment.

: The authors declare no competing interests.