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Article History

Received: 19 March 2025

Accepted: 6 October 2025

First Online: 14 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The research protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Dodoma, Tanzania, in accordance with the University of Dodoma Research Ethical Guidelines (2019) and the national regulations governing research involving human participants. All procedures were carried out in strict compliance with the approved protocol and ethical standards. Informed consent to participate in the study was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. For participants under the age of 16, informed consent was additionally obtained from their parents or legally authorized representatives. All participants gave their voluntary and informed consent to take part in the study after being fully briefed on its purpose, procedures, and their rights, including the right to withdraw at any stage.

: The authors declare no competing interests.