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Authors
Tholo, Harineck Mayamiko
Masuku, Precious
Mwase, Weston
Kachamba, Daud Jones
Njala, Allena
Tchongwe, Wilson
Mvula, Richard Lizwe
Tchuwa, Isaac
Mzumara, Tiwonge I.
Chisenga, Chikondi
Kadewa, Wilfred
Chinkaka, Emmanuel
Nyengere, Jabulani
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Article History
Received: 17 June 2025
Accepted: 9 November 2025
First Online: 14 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted under the oversight of the Malawi University of Science and Technology Research Ethics Committee (MUSTREC) in accordance with the USA Office of Human Research Protections (OHRP), IRB Number: IRB00012588, FWA Number: FWA00029630. The research was carried out following established ethical protocols as outlined in the research proposal submitted to the institution. The authors ensured adherence to international and national ethical guidelines, as well as all requirements provided by MUSTREC throughout the study implementation.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
