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Article History

Received: 19 February 2025

Accepted: 13 November 2025

First Online: 21 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The study on “Interrogating the multilevel governance of CC adaptation and mitigation in Mbabane, Eswatini” is part of a longitudinal study on “Informal Rental Housing in Southern Africa” which is undertaken by the University of Botswana (in Botswana), University of the Free State (in South Africa), University of Swaziland (in Eswatini) and the National University of Lesotho (in Lesotho). The study was granted permit UBR/RES/IRB/SOC/207 on 21 September 2023 for two years by the University of Botswana, Institutional Review Board, Office of Research and Development in collaboration with the Government of Botswana Ministry of Infrastructure and Housing Development. The broader study explored the dynamics of informal rental housing in Southern Africa for two years. The emerging issues showed the strong impacts of CC-induced flooding and heatwaves on informal rental housing and the challenges related to climate governance. This led to this study on multilevel governance on CC adaptation and mitigation in Mbabane.

: The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Our study sought the consent of participants by explaining the purpose of the study. Participants were free not to respond to questions they were uncomfortable with or withdraw from the whole interview altogether.

: Our study sought consent from all our respondents (government departments, municipal council, the private sector, non-governmental organisations and development partners). We informed our participants that the study was undertaken for academic purposed only and the results will be published in academic journals. We also clarified that participants were free to withdraw or abstain from questions which they were not comfortable with.

: The authors declare no competing interests.