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Article History

Received: 18 May 2025

Accepted: 13 November 2025

First Online: 3 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was carried out in compliance with the ethical research guidelines set by Mekelle University. Ethical approval was obtained from the Mekelle University Ethics Committee on 06 October 2022. The research design, methodology, and data collection procedures were reviewed and approved to ensure they met the required ethical standards, including respect for participants’ rights, dignity, and welfare. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participants were provided with clear and comprehensive information about the study’s objectives, procedures, potential risks, and benefits, communicated in a language they understood. Participation was entirely voluntary, and individuals were informed of their right to decline or withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. All responses were anonymized, and confidentiality was maintained throughout the study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.