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Article History

Received: 11 August 2025

Accepted: 13 November 2025

First Online: 9 December 2025

Declarations

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: All plant materials used in this study were collected in accordance with national and institutional guidelines governing the collection and use of plant resources in Bangladesh. Twelve types of biomass samples were collected: (a) coconut leaf ( Cocos nucifera ), (b) palm leaf ( Borassus flabellifer ), (c) paddy straw ( Oryza sativa ), (d) bamboo leaf ( Bambusa polymorpha ), (e) jute stick ( Corchorus capsularis ), (f) chambul bark ( Salvadora oleoides ), (g) rain tree wood ( Albizia saman ), (h) jackfruit wood ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ), (i) dhaincha stem ( Sesbania bispinosa ), (j) mango wood ( Mangifera indica ), (k) plum wood ( Ziziphus mauritiana ), and (l) coconut coir ( Cocos nucifera ). Sampling was conducted in August 2019 in Bhanga Upazila, Faridpur District, Bangladesh (23.4091° N, 89.9110° E). As these plants are cultivated and widely available biomass resources, no special permits were required for their collection. None of the studied species are listed as endangered or protected under national or international conservation regulations. The plant specimens were identified and authenticated by Abdus Salam, Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka. All plant materials used in this study were collected following the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Plant Genetic Resources guidelines issued by the Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC, 2012), along with the institutional protocols governing the collection and use of plant resources in Bangladesh.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.