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Article History

Received: 21 July 2025

Accepted: 18 November 2025

First Online: 23 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Plant guidelines: The collection and use of Raphia farinifera inflorescence complied with local, national, and institutional guidelines governing the use of plant materials for research. All procedures adhered to the ethical standards of Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT) and the National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) guidelines for non-endangered plant species. Permissions to collect the plants/plant parts: Permission for the collection of Raphia farinifera inflorescences was obtained from the local landowners and community authority in Mbu-Amon, Enugu State, Nigeria. As the species is cultivated and not endangered, no additional governmental license was required. Source of the plant used in the study: The Raphia farinifera inflorescences were sourced from cultivated plantations in Mbu-Amon, Isi-Uzo Local Government Area, Enugu State, Nigeria (coordinates: 6.71° N, 7.52° E). The species was identified and authenticated in the Department of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, ESUT, where a voucher specimen was deposited.

: All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.