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Article History

Received: 8 September 2025

Accepted: 22 December 2025

First Online: 27 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study involved research with the plant species Brassica juncea L. (Indian mustard). All experimental procedures and plant treatments were conducted in accordance with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation for the ethical use of plants in scientific research. The research did not involve any human or animal subjects. The experimental design, including the growth conditions, application of heavy metals, and final disposal of plant and soil materials, was conducted in a controlled laboratory/greenhouse setting to prevent any uncontrolled release of contaminants into the environment. All waste materials were handled and disposed of according to our institution’s environmental health and safety protocols. This research did not involve human participants.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.