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Authors
Idris, Idris
Rozaq, Hafiza
Kurniawati, Tri
Ridzuan, Abdul Rahim
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Article History
Received: 26 October 2025
Accepted: 23 December 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
:
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Generative AI tools were used solely for language refinement and did not contribute to the analysis, interpretation, or scientific content of this manuscript. All research findings and conclusions are the authors’ own.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
