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Article History

Received: 30 August 2025

Accepted: 5 January 2026

First Online: 12 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study used only cultivated rice varieties (NERICA L-34 and ARICA 3) obtained from African Rice Center, IITA, Nigeria. Soil was collected from FUNAAB’s institutional research farm. No wild plant material was used. All procedures complied with the Standard Operating Procedures of FUNAAB’s College of Plant Science and Crop Production and Nigerian National Biosafety Regulations (2015). No ethical approval was required for plant-based agricultural research under these guidelines.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.