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Article History

Received: 7 March 2025

Accepted: 5 January 2026

First Online: 16 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study is based on primary questionnaire survey data collected from adult respondents in Uttar Pradesh, India, and involved no clinical intervention, experimentation, or collection of biological samples. The study protocol was reviewed by the Human Ethics Committee functioning under the Internal Quality Assurance Cell (IQAC), Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, in accordance with institutional research ethics policy and national ethical guidelines for social science research. The committee confirmed that formal ethics committee approval was not required for this questionnaire-based study involving no sensitive personal or clinical data. All procedures were conducted in accordance with relevant institutional guidelines and regulations. Participation was voluntary, informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection, and anonymity, confidentiality, and the right to withdraw at any stage were assured

: This manuscript does not contain any individual-level identifying information, images, or personal data of study participants. Therefore, informed consent for publication of identifying information was not required

: Informed consent was obtained from all respondents prior to participation in the study. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study, the voluntary nature of participation, and their right to withdraw from the study at any point during data collection

: The authors declare no competing interests.