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Authors
Farah, Abdikarim Abdullahi
Nor, Bile Abdisalan
Musse, Osman Sayid Hassan
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Article History
Received: 14 October 2025
Accepted: 21 January 2026
First Online: 27 January 2026
Declarations
:
: This study did not involve human participants, animals, or any procedures requiring ethical approval. Therefore, no ethical clearance was required.
: Not applicable. The study did not involve human participants requiring informed consent.
: Not applicable. No individual or identifiable data were included in this study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable. This research did not involve any clinical trials.
: The authors have read and agree to comply with the Springer Nature AI Policy. Generative AI tools—specifically Paperpal and Grammarly —were used solely to enhance language clarity, grammar, and readability during manuscript preparation. All intellectual content, interpretations, and conclusions are the authors’ own.
