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Article History

Received: 25 October 2025

Accepted: 24 January 2026

First Online: 31 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study has been reviewed and approved by the North-West University, South Africa, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences Ethics Committee, approval number NWU-00521–21-A9. Written informed consent was obtained from farmers whose farms were used for the study, prior to sampling.

: The plants and plant parts used in this study were collected from cultivated farms in Rustenburg, North-West Province, South Africa, and complied with all relevant local, national, and international guidelines for plant research and biodiversity conservation. No specific permits or licences, other than farmers' consent, were required for sample collection, as the studied plants and plant parts are not listed as a protected or endangered species under the South African regulations.

: Written informed consent was obtained from farmers whose farms were used for the study, for the publication of their data.

: The authors declare no competing interests.