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Authors
Sani, Jamilu https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9089-5973
Eniolorunda, Nathaniel Bayode https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4001-6774
Ahmed, Abdulrazak
Usman, Anas Fagge https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0705-5022
Arigbede, Yetunde A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5485-1482
Yusuf, Rafiu Olalekan
Halane, Salad https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1618-8745
Odame, Michael Larbi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0995-0569
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Article History
Received: 9 November 2025
Accepted: 6 February 2026
First Online: 11 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study was based on secondary analysis of anonymized data from the 2024 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). Ethical approval for the NDHS was obtained by the National Health Research Ethics Committee of Nigeria (NHREC) and ICF International. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations and were consistent with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The authors obtained permission to use the dataset from the DHS Program. Informed consent was obtained from all participants during the original NDHS data collection. No additional consent was required for this secondary analysis.
: Not applicable. The study utilized publicly available secondary data that do not contain any identifiable personal information.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
