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Article History

Received: 7 November 2025

Accepted: 22 February 2026

First Online: 7 March 2026

<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Declarations

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: This research was approved by Makerere University IRB and the UNCST (Uganda National Council of Science and Technology). The data analysis was undertaken through the PARES (Partnerships for RESilience) project which was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Makerere University, letter No SPH-2022-351 and the Uganda National Council of Science and Technology (UNCST), letter No HS3003ES. All the methods used in this research were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations in the country and the conduct of this study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki. The data used were held by Makerere University and were originally collected by a project funded by the International Migration Organisation (IOM), country office which aimed to strengthen the utility of data for policy development and action. The questionnaire used to collect data was developed for the policy informed project (funded by IOM) as a standard broad survey, and a part of it was used for this study. Data from the survey have not been published elsewhere. The project and data collection was approved and ethically cleared by the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), Office of the Prime Minister (OPM), Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE). Data collection was led by Makerere University Centre for Climate Change Research and Innovations (MUCCRI), which ensured ethical conduct as required by the University. Prior to commencement of data collection, MUCCRI appointed a Data, Safety and Ethics Monitoring Committee (DSEMC) to ensure that standard ethics and protection of participants’ and researchers’ rights were in line with standards set up by research ethics committees (RECs) across the country. All participants in the study have given informed consent to be included in the study. Moreover, MUCCRI team who owned the data has given permission to PARES team to use their database for this research. All data used were anonymized allowing the research team to analyse data without disclosure of the survey participants, who were assigned a study identification number (ID).

: This is not applicable as no identifying information or images from participants were included in this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.