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Authors
Mazibuko, Hillary
Chisenga, Chikondi
Kadewa, Wilfred
Tchuwa, Isaac
Chinkaka, Emmanuel
Njala, Allena Laura
Mwase, Weston
Masuku, Precious
Mkweu, Wezzie
Vallent, Thokozani Felix
Mvula, Richard Lizwe Steven
Tholo, Harineck Mayamiko
Nyengere, Jabulani
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Article History
Received: 22 June 2025
Accepted: 2 March 2026
First Online: 4 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted under the oversight of the Malawi University of Science and Technology Research Ethics Committee (MUSTREC) in accordance with the USA Office of Human Research Protections (OHRP), IRB Number: IRB00012588, FWA Number: FWA00029630. The research was carried out following established ethical protocols as outlined in the research proposal submitted to the institution. The authors ensured adherence to international and national ethical guidelines, as well as all requirements provided by MUSTREC throughout the study implementation. Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants requiring consent for participation.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
