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Article History

Received: 22 December 2025

Accepted: 17 April 2026

First Online: 29 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The plant materials used in this study ( Racopilum africannum and Hyophila involute (moss) and phaeophyscia orbicularis and Lecanora expallens (lichen)) were collected from a regrowth forest located between Department of Botany and the Faculty of Agriculture, Obafemi Awolowo University Campus, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. These plants were identified rightly on the field by Mr Adeoye. G. Ademoriyo, a taxonomist using established taxonomic keys and morphological descriptors. Voucher specimens were not collected or deposited in herbarium, and therefore no voucher accession numbers are available. This limitation is acknowledged, and future investigations will include herbarium deposition of voucher specimens. These trees occur naturally in the regrowth area and are therefore considered wild, not cultivated. Collection of small plant parts was done in accordance with institutional and national guidelines for the sustainable use of biological resources. Permission for sample collection in the school environment was obtained from the Department of Botany, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. No endangered or protected species were collected.