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Article History

Received: 9 October 2025

Accepted: 5 May 2026

First Online: 15 May 2026

Declarations

:

: All experimental procedures involving plant materials were conducted in accordance with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and regulations. The plant species used in this study ( Epipremnum aureum , Sansevieria trifasciata , and Syngonium podophyllum ) were obtained from commercial nurseries in Baghdad, Iraq, and are not endangered or protected species. Therefore, no specific permits or ethical approvals were required for their use in this research. Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.