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Article History

Received: 12 November 2025

Accepted: 28 May 2026

First Online: 2 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable. This study uses aggregate, publicly available secondary data from the World Bank and does not involve human participants, animal subjects, or fieldwork requiring ethical review.

: Not applicable. No primary data collection involving human participants was conducted.

: Not applicable. The manuscript contains no individual person's data, images, or case details requiring consent for publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.