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Authors
Gondwe, Gideon Gonthoka https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1289-1004
Mtonga, Kambombo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9865-375X
Mapoma, Harold Wilson Tumwitike https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5719-2005
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Article History
Received: 13 March 2026
Accepted: 2 June 2026
First Online: 5 June 2026
Declarations
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: This study involving human participants was reviewed and approved by the Malawi University of Business and Applied Sciences (MUBAS) Research Ethics Committee. All procedures performed in this study were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants prior to their inclusion in the study. Participation was voluntary, and respondents were informed of their right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Confidentiality and anonymity were strictly maintained. Minors (individuals below 18 years of age) were not included, only individuals aged 18 years and above were included in the study to ensure their capacity to provide informed consent and independent perspectives.
: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including images, videos, or personal identifiers.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
