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Article History

Received: 1 April 2026

Accepted: 8 July 2026

First Online: 16 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study does not involve the use of live plant materials, such as plant species, seeds, or specific plant parts. Instead, it is entirely based on the composting of organic waste materials, including mixed flower residues and cow dungs. Therefore, no formal permissions or ethical approvals related to plant research guidelines were required. The materials used are classified as agricultural and agro-industrial wastes, which fall outside the scope of regulated biological sampling. The study did not involve the collection of live plants or plant parts from natural or protected environments. All input materials were obtained as waste products from floriculture activities and livestock systems. Consequently, there was no requirement to obtain collection permits or institutional approvals for plant sampling. The study utilized heterogeneous flower waste collected from floriculture operations, where residues are typically mixed and not traceable to specific plant species. Since no living plant materials or identifiable plant samples were used, it is neither feasible nor scientifically necessary to provide taxonomic identification (e.g., full scientific names of plant species). The focus of the study is on waste valorization rather than plant characterization, and thus, detailed botanical identification is not applicable.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.