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Authors
Azzahra, Fatimah
Sulandjari, Kuswarini
Mariyani, Siti
Fikri, Muhamad Rom Ali
Mufidah, Ratna
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Kementerian Riset, Teknologi dan Pendidikan Tinggi (108/C3/DT.05.00/PL/2025)
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Article History
Received: 19 January 2026
Accepted: 18 September 2026
First Online: 27 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang, Indonesia (Approval No. 382/UN64.10/TU/2025). The study was conducted in accordance with the Guidelines for Research Ethics in the Social Sciences and the Humanities , 5th edition, revised in 2023 (English version, 2024), issued by the National Committee for Research Ethics in the Social Sciences and the Humanities (NESH).
Consent for publication: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any information that could identify individual participants; therefore, specific consent for publication was not required.
Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study prior to data collection. Participation was voluntary, and participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study without consequence.
Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
