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Article History

Received: 20 August 2024

Accepted: 1 January 2025

First Online: 21 January 2025

Declarations

:

: The cabbage seedlings used in this study were sourced from the Regional Research Station (RRS) in Gayeshpur, West Bengal, India (22.9554° N, 88.4961° E), under Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (Agricultural University). The collection process adhered to all applicable local and national guidelines, requiring no additional approvals. The authors confirm that all methods were conducted in accordance with ISO and ASAE guidelines and regulations. The experimental protocols were approved by the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication of the images in Figure(s) 2, 4 and Graphical abstract.

: The authors declare no competing interests.